Corporate Finance

1. Capital Structure
   1. Determining Optimal Capital Structure
      1. Factors Influencing Capital Structure
         1. Business Risk
         2. Tax Considerations
         3. Flexibility
         4. Control Preferences
         5. Industry Norms and Competitor Behavior
         6. Growth Opportunities
         7. Profitability and Cash Flow Patterns
         8. Legal and Regulatory Constraints
      2. Theories of Capital Structure
         1. Modigliani-Miller Theorem
         2. Trade-off Theory
         3. Pecking Order Theory
         4. Agency Cost Theory
         5. Signaling Theory
      3. Capital Structure Assessment Tools
         1. Capital Structure Ratios
            1. Debt-to-Equity Ratio
            2. Debt Ratio
            3. Equity Multiplier
         2. Scenario Analysis
         3. Comparative Analysis with Peers
   2. Debt Financing
      1. Types of Debt Instruments
         1. Short-term Debt
            1. Commercial Paper
            2. Lines of Credit
         2. Long-term Debt
            1. Corporate Bonds
            2. Term Loans
         3. Structured Debt
            1. Securitized Instruments
            2. Asset-backed Securities
      2. Leverage and its Implications
         1. Financial Leverage
         2. Operating Leverage
         3. Combined Leverage
         4. Impact of Leverage on Earnings Per Share (EPS)
         5. Risk of Financial Distress
      3. Debt Financing Process
         1. Credit Rating Assessment
         2. Loan Agreement Terms
         3. Covenants and Restrictions
         4. Refinancing Strategies
   3. Equity Financing
      1. Types of Equity Instruments
         1. Common Stock
         2. Preferred Stock
         3. Warrants
      2. Issuing Stocks
         1. Public Offerings
         2. Private Placements
         3. Rights Issues
      3. Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)
         1. IPO Process Steps
         2. Underwriting and Pricing
         3. Regulatory and Compliance Requirements
         4. Impact on Existing Shareholders
      4. Post-Issuance Considerations
         1. Dilution of Ownership
         2. Share Price Volatility
         3. Market Perception and Reputation Management
   4. Hybrid Instruments
      1. Convertible Securities
         1. Convertible Bonds
         2. Convertible Preferred Stock
         3. Issuance and Conversion Mechanisms
         4. Advantages and Risks
      2. Preferred Stock
         1. Characteristics and Features
            1. Dividend Preferences
            2. Liquidation Preferences
         2. Variations in Preferred Stock
            1. Cumulative vs. Non-cumulative
            2. Participating vs. Non-participating
   5. Strategic Implications of Capital Structure
      1. Impact on Corporate Valuation
      2. Influence on Stakeholder Relationships
      3. Role in Strategic Financial Planning
      4. Balance Between Risk and Return
      5. Long-term Sustainability of Financing Choices
      6. Adaptive Strategies in Response to Market Conditions