Business Law

1. International Business Law
   1. International Trade Law
      1. Trade Agreements
         1. Bilateral Trade Agreements
         2. Multilateral Trade Agreements
         3. Regional Trade Agreements
         4. Free Trade Agreements
      2. Trade Barriers
         1. Tariff Barriers
            1. Customs Duties
            2. Import Duties
         2. Non-Tariff Barriers
            1. Quotas
            2. Import Licensing
            3. Technical Standards
         3. Regulatory Barriers
            1. Import Restrictions
            2. Export Licenses
      3. Export Controls
         1. Control Lists
         2. End-Use Checks
      4. Sanctions
         1. Economic Sanctions
         2. Diplomatic Sanctions
         3. Sanctions Policies and Implementation
   2. Cross-border Transactions
      1. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
         1. Mergers and Acquisitions
         2. Greenfield Investments
         3. Joint Ventures
      2. Currency Exchange and Control
         1. Exchange Rate Mechanisms
         2. Currency Risk Management
      3. International Sale of Goods
         1. Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
         2. Terms of Sale (Incoterms)
         3. Letters of Credit
         4. Payment Methods
   3. International Dispute Resolution
      1. Arbitration
         1. Institutional Arbitration
            1. Rules and Procedures
            2. Major Arbitral Institutions
         2. Ad hoc Arbitration
         3. Enforcement of Arbitral Awards
            1. New York Convention
      2. Mediation
         1. Mediation Processes and Techniques
         2. Mediated Settlements
      3. Litigation in International Context
         1. Jurisdiction Issues
         2. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
      4. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Mechanisms
         1. Conciliation
         2. Expert Determination
         3. Online Dispute Resolution (ODR)
   4. International Business Entities
      1. Types of Entities
         1. Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
         2. Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
         3. Holding Companies
      2. Corporate Governance in International Context
         1. Comparative Governance Models
         2. Corporate Responsibility and Ethics
   5. Regulatory Frameworks in International Business
      1. Compliance with International Standards
         1. World Trade Organization (WTO) Standards
         2. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
      2. International Anti-Corruption Laws
         1. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
         2. UK Bribery Act
         3. Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Regulations
   6. International Taxation
      1. Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAA)
      2. Transfer Pricing
      3. Tax Haven Utilization
      4. Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Initiative
   7. Risks in International Business
      1. Political Risk
         1. Nationalization
         2. Political Instability
      2. Economic Risk
         1. Exchange Rate Volatility
         2. Inflation
      3. Legal and Compliance Risks
         1. Intellectual Property Theft
         2. Different Legal Systems and Interpretations