Biotechnology

1. Applications in Industry
   1. Industrial Biotechnology
      1. Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology
         1. Enzyme optimization for industrial processes
         2. Use of enzymes in food processing
         3. Applications in textile and leather industries
         4. Role in pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals synthesis
      2. Biopolymers and Biodegradable Plastics
         1. Production of polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates
         2. Applications in packaging and consumer goods
         3. Biodegradability and environmental impact
         4. Innovations in bio-based monomer production
      3. Synthetic Biology for Sustainable Production
         1. Design of biological systems for material production
         2. Metabolic engineering for high-yield pathways
         3. Development of biosynthetic routes for petrochemical replacements
         4. Applications in creating bio-based production platforms
   2. Environmental Biotechnology
      1. Waste Treatment and Management
         1. Biological waste treatment processes
         2. Role of microorganisms in sewage treatment
         3. Anaerobic digestion for solid waste management
         4. Developing sustainable waste-to-energy systems
      2. Bioremediation of Contaminated Sites
         1. Microbial degradation of oil spills and pollutants
         2. Phytoremediation using plants to remove toxins
         3. Advances in bioaugmentation to improve remediation efficiency
         4. Strategies for heavy metal and nuclear waste detoxification
      3. Bioenergy and Biofuels
         1. Ethanol and Biodiesel Production
            1. Fermentation and transesterification processes
            2. Feedstock selection and biomass pre-treatment
            3. Economic and environmental impacts of biofuel production
            4. Innovations in algae-based biofuel technologies
         2. Microbial Fuel Cells
            1. Mechanisms of microbial electricity generation
            2. Applications in wastewater treatment
            3. Developments in anode and cathode materials
            4. Challenges in scaling and commercialization
   3. Chemical Production
      1. Microbial Production of Industrial Chemicals
         1. Production of organic acids, alcohols, and solvents
         2. Role in sustainable production of specialty chemicals
         3. Biological production of aromatic compounds
         4. Advances in fermentation technology for chemical synthesis
      2. Conversion of Renewable Resources
         1. Biomass conversion into platform chemicals
         2. Use of lignocellulosic materials in chemical manufacturing
         3. Development of biorefineries for integrated production
         4. Economic viability and sustainability of bio-based processes
   4. Food and Beverage Industry
      1. Fermentation Technology
         1. Traditional and modern fermentation methods
         2. Applications in brewing, winemaking, and dairy products
         3. Development of probiotics and functional foods
         4. Fermentation's role in food preservation and safety
      2. Food Processing and Safety
         1. Biotechnology in food preservation and flavor enhancement
         2. Enzyme applications in food texturing and modification
         3. Development of biosensors for food quality control
         4. Use of antimicrobial peptides to extend shelf life
   5. Textile and Biotextile Applications
      1. Enzyme Use in Textile Processing
         1. Biopolishing and bio-scouring applications
         2. Innovations in eco-friendly textile processing
      2. Development of Biotextiles
         1. Use of natural fibers and biopolymers in textiles
         2. Biodegradable and sustainable textile solutions
         3. Functional textiles with antimicrobial properties
         4. Smart textiles interfacing biotechnology and electronics