Maximum theorem
The maximum theorem provides conditions for the continuity of an optimized function and the set of its maximizers with respect to its parameters. The statement was first proven by Claude Berge in 1959
Szegő limit theorems
In mathematical analysis, the Szegő limit theorems describe the asymptotic behaviour of the determinants of large Toeplitz matrices. They were first proved by Gábor Szegő.
Babuška–Lax–Milgram theorem
In mathematics, the Babuška–Lax–Milgram theorem is a generalization of the famous Lax–Milgram theorem, which gives conditions under which a bilinear form can be "inverted" to show the existence and un
Malmquist's theorem
In mathematics, Malmquist's theorem, is the name of any of the three theorems proved by Axel Johannes Malmquist . These theorems restrict the forms of first order algebraic differential equations whic
Chain rule
In calculus, the chain rule is a formula that expresses the derivative of the composition of two differentiable functions f and g in terms of the derivatives of f and g. More precisely, if is the func
Malgrange–Ehrenpreis theorem
In mathematics, the Malgrange–Ehrenpreis theorem states that every non-zero linear differential operator with constant coefficients has a Green's function. It was first proved independently by Leon Eh
Mahler's theorem
In mathematics, Mahler's theorem, introduced by Kurt Mahler, expresses continuous p-adic functions in terms of polynomials. Over any field of characteristic 0, one has the following result: Let be the
Hausdorff paradox
The Hausdorff paradox is a paradox in mathematics named after Felix Hausdorff. It involves the sphere (a 3-dimensional sphere in ). It states that if a certain countable subset is removed from , then
Infinite-dimensional Lebesgue measure
In mathematics, there is a theorem stating that there is no analogue of Lebesgue measure on an infinite-dimensional Banach space. Other kinds of measures are therefore used on infinite-dimensional spa
Carathéodory's existence theorem
In mathematics, Carathéodory's existence theorem says that an ordinary differential equation has a solution under relatively mild conditions. It is a generalization of Peano's existence theorem. Peano
Kantorovich inequality
In mathematics, the Kantorovich inequality is a particular case of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, which is itself a generalization of the triangle inequality. The triangle inequality states that the l
Poincaré inequality
In mathematics, the Poincaré inequality is a result in the theory of Sobolev spaces, named after the French mathematician Henri Poincaré. The inequality allows one to obtain bounds on a function using
Besicovitch covering theorem
In mathematical analysis, a Besicovitch cover, named after Abram Samoilovitch Besicovitch, is an open cover of a subset E of the Euclidean space RN by balls such that each point of E is the center of
Riemann series theorem
In mathematics, the Riemann series theorem (also called the Riemann rearrangement theorem), named after 19th-century German mathematician Bernhard Riemann, says that if an infinite series of real numb
Brezis–Gallouet inequality
In mathematical analysis, the Brezis–Gallouët inequality, named after Haïm Brezis and Thierry Gallouët, is an inequality valid in 2 spatial dimensions. It shows that a function of two variables which
Fenchel–Moreau theorem
In convex analysis, the Fenchel–Moreau theorem (named after Werner Fenchel and Jean Jacques Moreau) or Fenchel biconjugation theorem (or just biconjugation theorem) is a theorem which gives necessary
Cartan–Kähler theorem
In mathematics, the Cartan–Kähler theorem is a major result on the integrability conditions for differential systems, in the case of analytic functions, for differential ideals . It is named for Élie
Glaeser's continuity theorem
In mathematical analysis, Glaeser's continuity theorem is a characterization of the continuity of the derivative of the square roots of functions of class . It was introduced in 1963 by Georges Glaese
Chebyshev–Markov–Stieltjes inequalities
In mathematical analysis, the Chebyshev–Markov–Stieltjes inequalities are inequalities related to the problem of moments that were formulated in the 1880s by Pafnuty Chebyshev and proved independently
Power rule
In calculus, the power rule is used to differentiate functions of the form , whenever is a real number. Since differentiation is a linear operation on the space of differentiable functions, polynomial
Kneser's theorem (differential equations)
In mathematics, in the field of ordinary differential equations, the Kneser theorem, named after Adolf Kneser, provides criteria to decide whether a differential equation is oscillating or not.
Hobby–Rice theorem
In mathematics, and in particular the necklace splitting problem, the Hobby–Rice theorem is a result that is useful in establishing the existence of certain solutions. It was proved in 1965 by Charles
Whitney extension theorem
In mathematics, in particular in mathematical analysis, the Whitney extension theorem is a partial converse to Taylor's theorem. Roughly speaking, the theorem asserts that if A is a closed subset of a
Cartan–Kuranishi prolongation theorem
Given an exterior differential system defined on a manifold M, the Cartan–Kuranishi prolongation theorem says that after a finite number of prolongations the system is either in involution (admits at
Hölder's theorem
In mathematics, Hölder's theorem states that the gamma function does not satisfy any algebraic differential equation whose coefficients are rational functions. This result was first proved by Otto Höl
Rellich–Kondrachov theorem
In mathematics, the Rellich–Kondrachov theorem is a compact embedding theorem concerning Sobolev spaces. It is named after the Austrian-German mathematician Franz Rellich and the Russian mathematician
Fuchs' theorem
In mathematics, Fuchs' theorem, named after Lazarus Fuchs, states that a second-order differential equation of the form has a solution expressible by a generalised Frobenius series when , and are anal
Denjoy–Luzin–Saks theorem
In mathematics, the Denjoy–Luzin–Saks theorem states that a function of generalized bounded variation in the restricted sense has a derivative almost everywhere, and gives further conditions of the se
Prékopa–Leindler inequality
In mathematics, the Prékopa–Leindler inequality is an integral inequality closely related to the , the Brunn–Minkowski inequality and a number of other important and classical inequalities in analysis
ATS theorem
In mathematics, the ATS theorem is the theorem on the approximation of atrigonometric sum by a shorter one. The application of the ATS theorem in certain problems of mathematical and theoretical physi
Hadamard's lemma
In mathematics, Hadamard's lemma, named after Jacques Hadamard, is essentially a first-order form of Taylor's theorem, in which we can express a smooth, real-valued function exactly in a convenient ma
Peano existence theorem
In mathematics, specifically in the study of ordinary differential equations, the Peano existence theorem, Peano theorem or Cauchy–Peano theorem, named after Giuseppe Peano and Augustin-Louis Cauchy,
Helmholtz decomposition
In physics and mathematics, in the area of vector calculus, Helmholtz's theorem, also known as the fundamental theorem of vector calculus, states that any sufficiently smooth, rapidly decaying vector
Khintchine inequality
In mathematics, the Khintchine inequality, named after Aleksandr Khinchin and spelled in multiple ways in the Latin alphabet, is a theorem from probability, and is also frequently used in analysis. He
Lagrange reversion theorem
In mathematics, the Lagrange reversion theorem gives series or formal power series expansions of certain implicitly defined functions; indeed, of compositions with such functions. Let v be a function
Reciprocal rule
In calculus, the reciprocal rule gives the derivative of the reciprocal of a function f in terms of the derivative of f. The reciprocal rule can be used to show that the power rule holds for negative
Fenchel's duality theorem
In mathematics, Fenchel's duality theorem is a result in the theory of convex functions named after Werner Fenchel. Let ƒ be a proper convex function on Rn and let g be a proper concave function on Rn
Differentiation of integrals
In mathematics, the problem of differentiation of integrals is that of determining under what circumstances the mean value integral of a suitable function on a small neighbourhood of a point approxima
Wirtinger's inequality for functions
In mathematics, historically Wirtinger's inequality for real functions was an inequality used in Fourier analysis. It was named after Wilhelm Wirtinger. It was used in 1904 to prove the isoperimetric
Atkinson–Mingarelli theorem
In applied mathematics, the Atkinson–Mingarelli theorem, named after Frederick Valentine Atkinson and A. B. Mingarelli, concerns eigenvalues of certain Sturm–Liouville differential operators. In the s
General Leibniz rule
In calculus, the general Leibniz rule, named after Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, generalizes the product rule (which is also known as "Leibniz's rule"). It states that if and are -times differentiable fu
Denjoy–Young–Saks theorem
In mathematics, the Denjoy–Young–Saks theorem gives some possibilities for the Dini derivatives of a function that hold almost everywhere.Denjoy proved the theorem for continuous functions, Young exte
Bauer–Fike theorem
In mathematics, the Bauer–Fike theorem is a standard result in the perturbation theory of the eigenvalue of a complex-valued diagonalizable matrix. In its substance, it states an absolute upper bound
Agranovich–Dynin formula
In mathematical analysis, the Agranovich–Dynin formula is a formula for the index of an elliptic system of differential operators, introduced by Agranovich and Dynin.
Beurling–Lax theorem
In mathematics, the Beurling–Lax theorem is a theorem due to and which characterizes the shift-invariant subspaces of the Hardy space . It states that each such space is of the form for some inner fun
Jensen's inequality
In mathematics, Jensen's inequality, named after the Danish mathematician Johan Jensen, relates the value of a convex function of an integral to the integral of the convex function. It was proved by J
Equioscillation theorem
In mathematics, the equioscillation theorem concerns the approximation of continuous functions using polynomials when the merit function is the maximum difference (uniform norm). Its discovery is attr
Narasimhan–Seshadri theorem
In mathematics, the Narasimhan–Seshadri theorem, proved by Narasimhan and Seshadri, says that a holomorphic vector bundle over a Riemann surface is stable if and only if it comes from an irreducible p
Lax–Wendroff theorem
In computational mathematics, the Lax–Wendroff theorem, named after Peter Lax and Burton Wendroff, states that if a conservative numerical scheme for a hyperbolic system of conservation laws converges
Unique homomorphic extension theorem
The unique homomorphic extension theorem is a result in mathematical logic which formalizes the intuition that the truth or falsity of a statement can be deduced from the truth values of its parts.
Cauchy formula for repeated integration
The Cauchy formula for repeated integration, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, allows one to compress n antidifferentiations of a function into a single integral (cf. Cauchy's formula).
Denjoy–Carleman–Ahlfors theorem
The Denjoy–Carleman–Ahlfors theorem states that the number of asymptotic values attained by a non-constant entire function of order ρ on curves going outwards toward infinite absolute value is less th
Fraňková–Helly selection theorem
In mathematics, the Fraňková–Helly selection theorem is a generalisation of Helly's selection theorem for functions of bounded variation to the case of regulated functions. It was proved in 1991 by th
Integration by parts
In calculus, and more generally in mathematical analysis, integration by parts or partial integration is a process that finds the integral of a product of functions in terms of the integral of the pro
Stahl's theorem
In matrix analysis Stahl's theorem is a theorem proved in 2011 by Herbert Stahl concerning Laplace transforms for special matrix functions. It originated in 1975 as the Bessis-Moussa-Villani (BMV) con
Inverse function rule
In calculus, the inverse function rule is a formula that expresses the derivative of the inverse of a bijective and differentiable function f in terms of the derivative of f. More precisely, if the in
Silverman–Toeplitz theorem
In mathematics, the Silverman–Toeplitz theorem, first proved by Otto Toeplitz, is a result in summability theory characterizing matrix summability methods that are regular. A regular matrix summabilit
Integral of inverse functions
In mathematics, integrals of inverse functions can be computed by means of a formula that expresses the antiderivatives of the inverse of a continuous and invertible function , in terms of and an anti
Laplace principle (large deviations theory)
In mathematics, Laplace's principle is a basic theorem in large deviations theory which is similar to Varadhan's lemma. It gives an asymptotic expression for the Lebesgue integral of exp(−θφ(x)) over
Goldbach–Euler theorem
In mathematics, the Goldbach–Euler theorem (also known as Goldbach's theorem), states that the sum of 1/(p − 1) over the set of perfect powers p, excluding 1 and omitting repetitions, converges to 1:
Ahlfors measure conjecture
In mathematics, the Ahlfors conjecture, now a theorem, states that the limit set of a finitely-generated Kleinian group is either the whole Riemann sphere, or has measure 0. The conjecture was introdu
Pontryagin duality
In mathematics, Pontryagin duality is a duality between locally compact abelian groups that allows generalizing Fourier transform to all such groups, which include the circle group (the multiplicative
Sard's theorem
In mathematics, Sard's theorem, also known as Sard's lemma or the Morse–Sard theorem, is a result in mathematical analysis that asserts that the set of critical values (that is, the image of the set o
Markov brothers' inequality
In mathematics, the Markov brothers' inequality is an inequality proved in the 1890s by brothers Andrey Markov and Vladimir Markov, two Russian mathematicians. This inequality bounds the maximum of th
Universal approximation theorem
In the mathematical theory of artificial neural networks, universal approximation theorems are results that establish the density of an algorithmically generated class of functions within a given func
Product rule
In calculus, the product rule (or Leibniz rule or Leibniz product rule) is a formula used to find the derivatives of products of two or more functions. For two functions, it may be stated in Lagrange'
Littlewood's 4/3 inequality
In mathematical analysis, Littlewood's 4/3 inequality, named after John Edensor Littlewood, is an inequality that holds for every complex-valued bilinear form defined on c0, the Banach space of scalar
Bipolar theorem
In mathematics, the bipolar theorem is a theorem in functional analysis that characterizes the bipolar (that is, the polar of the polar) of a set. In convex analysis, the bipolar theorem refers to a n
Sturm–Picone comparison theorem
In mathematics, in the field of ordinary differential equations, the Sturm–Picone comparison theorem, named after Jacques Charles François Sturm and Mauro Picone, is a classical theorem which provides
Conley–Zehnder theorem
In mathematics, the Conley–Zehnder theorem, named after Charles C. Conley and Eduard Zehnder, provides a lower bound for the number of fixed points of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of standard symplecti
Gaussian integral
The Gaussian integral, also known as the Euler–Poisson integral, is the integral of the Gaussian function over the entire real line. Named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, the inte
Agmon's inequality
In mathematical analysis, Agmon's inequalities, named after Shmuel Agmon, consist of two closely related interpolation inequalities between the Lebesgue space and the Sobolev spaces . It is useful in
Denjoy–Luzin theorem
In mathematics, the Denjoy–Luzin theorem, introduced independently by Denjoy and Luzin states that if a trigonometric series converges absolutely on a set of positive measure, then the sum of its coef
Krein's condition
In mathematical analysis, Krein's condition provides a necessary and sufficient condition for exponential sums to be dense in a weighted L2 space on the real line. It was discovered by Mark Krein in t
Mountain pass theorem
The mountain pass theorem is an existence theorem from the calculus of variations, originally due to Antonio Ambrosetti and Paul Rabinowitz. Given certain conditions on a function, the theorem demonst
Picard–Lindelöf theorem
In mathematics – specifically, in differential equations – the Picard–Lindelöf theorem gives a set of conditions under which an initial value problem has a unique solution. It is also known as Picard'
Implicit function
In mathematics, an implicit equation is a relation of the form where R is a function of several variables (often a polynomial). For example, the implicit equation of the unit circle is An implicit fun
Poisson summation formula
In mathematics, the Poisson summation formula is an equation that relates the Fourier series coefficients of the periodic summation of a function to values of the function's continuous Fourier transfo
Stone–Weierstrass theorem
In mathematical analysis, the Weierstrass approximation theorem states that every continuous function defined on a closed interval [a, b] can be uniformly approximated as closely as desired by a polyn
Strichartz estimate
In mathematical analysis, Strichartz estimates are a family of inequalities for linear dispersive partial differential equations. These inequalities establish size and decay of solutions in Lebesgue s
Symmetry of second derivatives
In mathematics, the symmetry of second derivatives (also called the equality of mixed partials) refers to the possibility of interchanging the order of taking partial derivatives of a function of n va
Sarason interpolation theorem
In mathematics complex analysis, the Sarason interpolation theorem, introduced by Sarason, is a generalization of the and Nevanlinna–Pick interpolation.
Sturm separation theorem
In mathematics, in the field of ordinary differential equations, Sturm separation theorem, named after Jacques Charles François Sturm, describes the location of roots of solutions of homogeneous secon
Hartman–Grobman theorem
In mathematics, in the study of dynamical systems, the Hartman–Grobman theorem or linearisation theorem is a theorem about the local behaviour of dynamical systems in the neighbourhood of a hyperbolic
Faà di Bruno's formula
Faà di Bruno's formula is an identity in mathematics generalizing the chain rule to higher derivatives. It is named after Francesco Faà di Bruno , although he was not the first to state or prove the f
Dirichlet conditions
In mathematics, the Dirichlet–Jordan test gives sufficient conditions for a real-valued, periodic function f to be equal to the sum of its Fourier series at a point of continuity. Moreover, the behavi
Godunov's theorem
In numerical analysis and computational fluid dynamics, Godunov's theorem — also known as Godunov's order barrier theorem — is a mathematical theorem important in the development of the theory of high
Kantorovich theorem
The Kantorovich theorem, or Newton–Kantorovich theorem, is a mathematical statement on the semi-local convergence of Newton's method. It was first stated by Leonid Kantorovich in 1948. It is similar t
Danskin's theorem
In convex analysis, Danskin's theorem is a theorem which provides information about the derivatives of a function of the form The theorem has applications in optimization, where it sometimes is used t
Triple product rule
The triple product rule, known variously as the cyclic chain rule, cyclic relation, cyclical rule or Euler's chain rule, is a formula which relates partial derivatives of three interdependent variable
Ahlfors finiteness theorem
In the mathematical theory of Kleinian groups, the Ahlfors finiteness theorem describes the quotient of the domain of discontinuity by a finitely generated Kleinian group. The theorem was proved by La
Rademacher–Menchov theorem
In mathematical analysis, the Rademacher–Menchov theorem, introduced by Rademacher and Menchoff, gives a sufficient condition for a series of orthogonal functions on an interval to converge almost eve
Linearity of differentiation
In calculus, the derivative of any linear combination of functions equals the same linear combination of the derivatives of the functions; this property is known as linearity of differentiation, the r
Trudinger's theorem
In mathematical analysis, Trudinger's theorem or the Trudinger inequality (also sometimes called the Moser–Trudinger inequality) is a result of functional analysis on Sobolev spaces. It is named after
Riemann–Lebesgue lemma
In mathematics, the Riemann–Lebesgue lemma, named after Bernhard Riemann and Henri Lebesgue, states that the Fourier transform or Laplace transform of an L1 function vanishes at infinity. It is of imp
Denjoy–Koksma inequality
In mathematics, the Denjoy–Koksma inequality, introduced by , p.73) as a combination of work of Arnaud Denjoy and the Koksma–Hlawka inequality of Jurjen Ferdinand Koksma, is a bound for Weyl sums of f
Envelope theorem
In mathematics and economics, the envelope theorem is a major result about the differentiability properties of the value function of a parameterized optimization problem. As we change parameters of th
Conformal welding
In mathematics, conformal welding (sewing or gluing) is a process in geometric function theory for producing a Riemann surface by joining together two Riemann surfaces, each with a disk removed, along
Stirling's approximation
In mathematics, Stirling's approximation (or Stirling's formula) is an approximation for factorials. It is a good approximation, leading to accurate results even for small values of . It is named afte
Differentiation rules
This is a summary of differentiation rules, that is, rules for computing the derivative of a function in calculus.
Gradient conjecture
In mathematics, the gradient conjecture, due to René Thom (1989), was proved in 2000 by three Polish mathematicians, Krzysztof Kurdyka (University of Savoie, France), Tadeusz Mostowski (Warsaw Univers
Initial value theorem
In mathematical analysis, the initial value theorem is a theorem used to relate frequency domain expressions to the time domain behavior as time approaches zero. Let be the (one-sided) Laplace transfo
Tonelli–Hobson test
In mathematics, the Tonelli–Hobson test gives sufficient criteria for a function ƒ on R2 to be an integrable function. It is often used to establish that Fubini's theorem may be applied to ƒ. It is na
Euler–Maclaurin formula
In mathematics, the Euler–Maclaurin formula is a formula for the difference between an integral and a closely related sum. It can be used to approximate integrals by finite sums, or conversely to eval
Malgrange preparation theorem
In mathematics, the Malgrange preparation theorem is an analogue of the Weierstrass preparation theorem for smooth functions. It was conjectured by René Thom and proved by B. Malgrange .
Lévy–Steinitz theorem
In mathematics, the Lévy–Steinitz theorem identifies the set of values to which rearrangements of an infinite series of vectors in Rn can converge. It was proved by Paul Lévy in his first published pa
Quotient rule
In calculus, the quotient rule is a method of finding the derivative of a function that is the ratio of two differentiable functions. Let where both f and g are differentiable and The quotient rule st
Remez inequality
In mathematics, the Remez inequality, discovered by the Soviet mathematician Evgeny Yakovlevich Remez, gives a bound on the sup norms of certain polynomials, the bound being attained by the Chebyshev
Shift theorem
In mathematics, the (exponential) shift theorem is a theorem about polynomial differential operators (D-operators) and exponential functions. It permits one to eliminate, in certain cases, the exponen
Heine–Cantor theorem
In mathematics, the Heine–Cantor theorem, named after Eduard Heine and Georg Cantor, states that if is a continuous function between two metric spaces and , and is compact, then is uniformly continuou
Helly's selection theorem
In mathematics, Helly's selection theorem (also called the Helly selection principle) states that a uniformly bounded sequence of monotone real functions admits a convergent subsequence.In other words
Lax equivalence theorem
In numerical analysis, the Lax equivalence theorem is a fundamental theorem in the analysis of finite difference methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. It states that fo
Holmgren's uniqueness theorem
In the theory of partial differential equations, Holmgren's uniqueness theorem, or simply Holmgren's theorem, named after the Swedish mathematician Erik Albert Holmgren (1873–1943), is a uniqueness re
Integration using Euler's formula
In integral calculus, Euler's formula for complex numbers may be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions. Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms
Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem
In mathematics, the Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem (also written as the Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem) is the main local existence and uniqueness theorem for analytic partial differential equations associate