Proof of Stein's example
Stein's example is an important result in decision theory which can be stated as The ordinary decision rule for estimating the mean of a multivariate Gaussian distribution is inadmissible under mean s
Proof that 22/7 exceeds π
Proofs of the mathematical result that the rational number 22/7 is greater than π (pi) date back to antiquity. One of these proofs, more recently developed but requiring only elementary techniques fro
Proofs involving the addition of natural numbers
This article contains mathematical proofs for some properties of addition of the natural numbers: the additive identity, commutativity, and associativity. These proofs are used in the article Addition
Proofs of convergence of random variables
This article is supplemental for “Convergence of random variables” and provides proofs for selected results. Several results will be established using the portmanteau lemma: A sequence {Xn} converges
Proofs of quadratic reciprocity
In number theory, the law of quadratic reciprocity, like the Pythagorean theorem, has lent itself to an unusually large number of proofs. Several hundred proofs of the law of quadratic reciprocity hav
Derivation of the Schwarzschild solution
The Schwarzschild solution describes spacetime under the influence of a massive, non-rotating, spherically symmetric object. It is considered by some to be one of the simplest and most useful solution
Proofs of Fermat's little theorem
This article collects together a variety of proofs of Fermat's little theorem, which states that for every prime number p and every integer a (see modular arithmetic).
Furstenberg's proof of the infinitude of primes
In mathematics, particularly in number theory, Hillel Furstenberg's proof of the infinitude of primes is a topological proof that the integers contain infinitely many prime numbers. When examined clos
Proof that π is irrational
In the 1760s, Johann Heinrich Lambert was the first to prove that the number π is irrational, meaning it cannot be expressed as a fraction , where and are both integers. In the 19th century, Charles H
Proofs involving ordinary least squares
The purpose of this page is to provide supplementary materials for the ordinary least squares article, reducing the load of the main article with mathematics and improving its accessibility, while at
♯P-completeness of 01-permanent
The #P-completeness of 01-permanent, sometimes known as Valiant's theorem, is a mathematical proof about the permanent of matrices, considered a seminal result in computational complexity theory. In a
Dual of BCH is an independent source
A certain family of BCH codes have a particularly useful property, which is thattreated as linear operators, their dual operators turns their input into an -wise independent source. That is, the set o
Proof of Bertrand's postulate
In mathematics, Bertrand's postulate (actually a theorem) states that for each there is a prime such that . It was first proven by Chebyshev, and a short but advanced proof was given by Ramanujan. The
Proof that e is irrational
The number e was introduced by Jacob Bernoulli in 1683. More than half a century later, Euler, who had been a student of Jacob's younger brother Johann, proved that e is irrational; that is, that it c
Analyticity of holomorphic functions
In complex analysis, a complex-valued function of a complex variable :
* is said to be holomorphic at a point if it is differentiable at every point within some open disk centered at , and
* is said
Original proof of Gödel's completeness theorem
The proof of Gödel's completeness theorem given by Kurt Gödel in his doctoral dissertation of 1929 (and a shorter version of the proof, published as an article in 1930, titled "The completeness of the
Derivation of the Routh array
The Routh array is a tabular method permitting one to establish the stability of a system using only the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial. Central to the field of control systems design,
Proofs of trigonometric identities
There are several equivalent ways for defining trigonometric functions, and the proof of the trigonometric identities between them depend on the chosen definition. The oldest and somehow the most elem