Cell biology is the scientific discipline that studies the cell, the fundamental structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It delves into the intricate details of cellular structure, including the roles of various organelles, and examines the complex processes that govern a cell's life, such as metabolism, growth, communication, and division. By focusing on this microscopic level, cell biology provides the essential foundation for understanding how tissues, organs, and entire organisms function in both health and disease.

Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, comprised of two major branches: differential calculus and integral calculus. Differential calculus focuses on instantaneous rates of change and the slopes of curves by breaking problems down into infinitesimally small parts, while integral calculus joins these small pieces together to determine accumulated quantities, such as the area under a curve or the volume of a solid. These two concepts are fundamentally linked by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, providing a powerful framework for modeling and understanding dynamic systems across physics, engineering, economics, and other sciences.

Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources—from applications to data centers—over the internet with pay-as-you-go pricing, fundamentally shifting how we access and use computing power. Instead of owning and maintaining their own computing infrastructure, users can access services like processing power, storage, and databases from a cloud provider such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud, or Microsoft Azure. This model enables organizations and individuals to benefit from massive economies of scale, offering flexible resources, rapid elasticity, and measured service. It is typically categorized into three main service models: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS), which together provide the foundational building blocks for nearly every type of modern digital service.

Git is a distributed version control system that is a fundamental tool in modern software development for tracking changes in source code and other files. It allows individual developers or large teams to record a project's history through a series of snapshots called "commits," enabling them to revert to previous versions, compare changes, and understand the evolution of the codebase. Its distributed nature means that every developer has a complete copy of the project's history on their local machine, facilitating offline work and robust collaboration. Core features like branching and merging allow developers to work on new features or bug fixes in isolated lines of development and then seamlessly integrate their changes back into the main project, making Git an essential technology for managing projects of any scale.